By contrast, congenital or acquired malformations do not seem to significantly influence dream content (Voss et al., 2010 Saurat et al., 2011).īased on these results, two opposing hypotheses were formulated: the continuity hypothesis (Schredl and Hofmann, 2003) and the discontinuity hypothesis (Rechtschaffen, 1978 Kahn et al., 1997 Stickgold et al., 2001).
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The current concerns of the subject may also be found in the content of his/her dreams (Schwartz, 1999 Domhoff and Schneider, 2008), and many aspects of the subject’s daily life were found to influence dream content, including news events (Bulkeley and Kahan, 2008), musical practice (Uga et al., 2006), religious beliefs (Domhoff and Schneider, 2008), chronic pain (Raymond et al., 2002), mood (Cartwright et al., 1998a), or a violent living environment (Valli et al., 2005). External stimulation perceived by the dreamer can be incorporated into dreams (Koulack, 1969 Saint-Denys, 1867 Hoelscher et al., 1981), as illustrated by the famous Dali painting Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second before Awakening. For example, males report more aggression and violence in their dreams than do females (Nielsen et al., 2003 Schredl et al., 2004). Further, psychological studies have shown that many internal and external parameters can influence dream content. Substantial variability of content exists, however, among the same individual’s dreams and among the dreams of different individuals.
#Use googles deep dream on live visuals full
According to psychological studies (Hall and Van de Castle, 1966 Schwartz, 1999), visual imagery occurs more frequently in dreams than imagery of other senses (audition, olfaction, touch, and taste) the dream drama is mostly lived by the dreamer from a first-person perspective some elements of real-life events previously experienced by the dreamer often contribute to the scene of the dream most often, the dream sequence is not within the dreamer’s voluntary control (i.e., the dreamer may be convinced during the dream that the dream’s story is really happening) temporal and spatial incoherencies can occur in the dream story the dream report is often full of people interacting with each other (e.g., discussions, fights, pursuit, sexuality) and finally, the dream report often contains strong emotions. Later, questionnaires and automatic analysis of the lexical content of dream reports allowed psychologists to show that dream content has some precise phenomenological characteristics. Calkins ( 1893) published the first statistical results about dreaming and argued that some aspects of dream content could be quantified.
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This paper argues that the focus on singularity and personal meaning in psychoanalysis is needed to successfully address these issues in cognitive neuroscience and to progress in the understanding of dreaming and the psyche.ĭreaming was first investigated on an experimental level in the nineteenth century. Notably, several subjective issues at the core of the psychoanalytic approach, such as the concept of personal meaning, the concept of unconscious episodic memory and the subject’s history, are not addressed or considered in cognitive neuroscience. Considering the psychoanalytical perspective in cognitive neuroscience would provide new directions and leads for dream research and would help to achieve a comprehensive understanding of dreaming. Until now, these hypotheses have received minimal attention in cognitive neuroscience, but the recent development of neuropsychoanalysis brings new hopes of interaction between the two fields. Do the representations that constitute the dream emerge randomly from the brain, or do they surface according to certain parameters? Is the organization of the dream’s representations chaotic or is it determined by rules? Does dreaming have a meaning? What is/are the function(s) of dreaming? Psychoanalysis provides hypotheses to address these questions. Therefore, the neurophysiological correlates of dreaming are still unclear, and many questions remain unresolved.
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Fifty years later, this hypothesis was challenged because it could not explain all of the characteristics of dream reports. The neuroscientific approach to dreaming arose at the end of the 1950s and soon proposed a physiological substrate of dreaming: rapid eye movement sleep. Experimental psychology first investigated dream content and frequency. Dreaming is still a mystery of human cognition, although it has been studied experimentally for more than a century.